/*
 * Units of Measurement API
 * Copyright (c) 2014-2023, Jean-Marie Dautelle, Werner Keil, Otavio Santana.
 *
 * All rights reserved.
 *
 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification,
 * are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
 *
 * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice,
 *    this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
 *
 * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions
 *    and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
 *
 * 3. Neither the name of JSR-385 nor the names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote products
 *    derived from this software without specific prior written permission.
 *
 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS"
 * AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
 * THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
 * ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
 * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
 * (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
 * LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED
 * AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
 * (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE,
 * EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
 */
package javax.measure;

/**
 * Represents a quantitative property of a phenomenon, body, or substance, that
 * can be quantified by measurement. {@link javax.measure.quantity.Mass Mass},
 * time, distance, heat, and angular separation are among the familiar examples
 * of quantitative properties.
 * <p>
 * <code> {@literal Unit<Mass>} pound = ... {@literal Quantity<Length>} size = ... {@literal Sensor<Temperature>}<br>
 * thermometer = ... {@literal Vector3D<Speed>} aircraftSpeed = ... </code>
 * </p>
 *
 * <dl>
 * <dt><span class="strong">Arithmetic operations</span></dt>
 * </dl> 
 * This interface defines some arithmetic operations between {@code Quantity}
 * instances. All implementations shall produce <em>equivalent</em> results for
 * the same operation applied on equivalent quantities. Two quantities are
 * equivalent if, after conversion to the same unit of measurement, they have
 * the same numerical value (ignoring rounding errors). For example 2000 metres
 * is equivalent to 2 km, but 2°C is not equivalent to 2 K; it is equivalent to
 * 275.15 K instead. Above requirement applied to addition means that 2°C + 2 K
 * shall be equivalent to 275.15 K + 2 K.
 *
 * <p>All operations shall preserve the
 * <a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Basic_Laws_of_Algebra">basic laws
 * of algebra</a>, in particular <b>commutativity</b> of addition and
 * multiplication (<var>A</var> + <var>B</var> = <var>B</var> + <var>A</var>)
 * and <b>associativity</b> of addition and multiplication (<var>A</var> +
 * <var>B</var>) + <var>C</var> = <var>A</var> + (<var>B</var> + <var>C</var>).
 * In order to preserve those algebra laws, this specification requires all
 * arithmetic operations to execute <em>as is</em> all operands were converted
 * to {@linkplain Unit#getSystemUnit() system unit} before the operation is
 * carried out, and the result converted back to any compatible unit at
 * implementation choice. For example 4 cm + 1 inch shall produce any result
 * <em>equivalent</em> to 0.04 m + 0.0254 m.</p>
 *
 * <p>Implementations are allowed to avoid conversion to system unit if the
 * result is guaranteed to be equivalent. This is often the case when the
 * conversion between quantity unit and system unit is only a
 * {@linkplain UnitConverter#isLinear() scale factor}. However this is not
 * the case for conversions applying an offset or more complex formula.
 * For example 2°C + 1°C = 274.15°C, not 3°C. This counter-intuitive result
 * is essential for preserving algebra laws like associativity, and is also
 * the expected result from a thermodynamic point of view.</p>
 *
 * <dl>
 * <dt><span class="strong">API Note:</span></dt><dd>This interface places no restrictions on the mutability of
 *          implementations, however immutability is strongly recommended. All
 *          implementations must be {@link Comparable}.</dd>
 * </dl>
 *
 * @param <Q>
 *            The type of the quantity.
 *
 * @author <a href="mailto:jean-marie@dautelle.com">Jean-Marie Dautelle</a>
 * @author <a href="mailto:martin.desruisseaux@geomatys.com">Martin
 *         Desruisseaux</a>
 * @author <a href="mailto:werner@uom.technology">Werner Keil</a>
 * @author <a href="mailto:otaviopolianasantana@gmail.com">Otavio Santana</a>
 * @see Unit
 * @see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantity">Wikipedia: Quantity</a>
 * @see <a href="http://martinfowler.com/eaaDev/quantity.html">Martin Fowler -
 *      Quantity</a>
 * @version 2.5, May 20, 2023
 * @since 1.0
 */
public interface Quantity<Q extends Quantity<Q>> {
    
   /**
    * The scale of a {@link Quantity}, either {@code ABSOLUTE} or {@code RELATIVE}.
    *
    * @since 2.0
    * @see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_scale">Wikipedia: Absolute scale</a>
    */
    public static enum Scale {
        /** 
         * Absolute scale
         * @see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_scale">Wikipedia: Absolute scale</a> 
         */
        ABSOLUTE, 
        /** 
         * Relative scale 
         */
        RELATIVE
    }
       
    /**
     * Returns the sum of this {@code Quantity} with the one specified.
     * The result shall be as if this quantity and the given addend were
     * converted to {@linkplain Unit#getSystemUnit() system unit} before
     * to be added, and the result converted back to the unit of this
     * quantity or any other compatible unit at implementation choice.
     *
     * @param addend
     *            the {@code Quantity} to be added.
     * @return {@code this + addend}.
     */
    Quantity<Q> add(Quantity<Q> addend);

    /**
     * Returns the difference between this {@code Quantity} and the one specified.
     * The result shall be as if this quantity and the given subtrahend were
     * converted to {@linkplain Unit#getSystemUnit() system unit} before
     * to be subtracted, and the result converted back to the unit of this
     * quantity or any other compatible unit at implementation choice.
     *
     * @param subtrahend
     *            the {@code Quantity} to be subtracted.
     * @return <code>this - subtrahend</code>.
     */
    Quantity<Q> subtract(Quantity<Q> subtrahend);

    /**
     * Returns the quotient of this {@code Quantity} divided by the {@code Quantity}
     * specified.
     * The result shall be as if this quantity and the given divisor were
     * converted to {@linkplain Unit#getSystemUnit() system unit} before
     * to be divided, and the result converted back to the unit of this
     * quantity or any other compatible unit at implementation choice.
     *
     * @throws ClassCastException
     *             if the type of an element in the specified operation is
     *             incompatible with this quantity
     *
     * @param divisor
     *            the {@code Quantity} divisor.
     * @return <code>this / divisor</code>.
     */
    Quantity<?> divide(Quantity<?> divisor);

    /**
     * Returns the quotient of this {@code Quantity} divided by the {@code Number}
     * specified.
     * The result shall be as if this quantity was converted to
     * {@linkplain Unit#getSystemUnit() system unit} before to be divided,
     * and the result converted back to the unit of this quantity or any
     * other compatible unit at implementation choice.
     *
     * @param divisor
     *            the {@code Number} divisor.
     * @return <code>this / divisor</code>.
     */
    Quantity<Q> divide(Number divisor);

    /**
     * Returns the product of this {@code Quantity} with the one specified.
     * The result shall be as if this quantity and the given multiplicand were
     * converted to {@linkplain Unit#getSystemUnit() system unit} before
     * to be multiplied, and the result converted back to the unit of this
     * quantity or any other compatible unit at implementation choice.
     *
     * @throws ClassCastException
     *             if the type of an element in the specified operation is
     *             incompatible with this quantity
     *
     * @param multiplicand
     *            the {@code Quantity} multiplicand.
     * @return <code>this * multiplicand</code>.
     */
    Quantity<?> multiply(Quantity<?> multiplicand);

    /**
     * Returns the product of this {@code Quantity} with the {@code Number} value
     * specified.
     * The result shall be as if this quantity was converted to
     * {@linkplain Unit#getSystemUnit() system unit} before to be multiplied,
     * and the result converted back to the unit of this quantity or any
     * other compatible unit at implementation choice.
     *
     * @param multiplicand
     *            the {@code Number} multiplicand.
     * @return <code>this * multiplicand</code>.
     */
    Quantity<Q> multiply(Number multiplicand);

    /**
     * Returns this {@code Quantity} converted into another (compatible)
     * {@code Unit}.
     *
     * @param unit
     *            the {@code Unit unit} in which the returned quantity is stated.
     * @return this quantity or a new quantity equivalent to this quantity stated in the specified unit.
     * @throws ArithmeticException
     *             if the result is inexact and the quotient has a non-terminating decimal expansion.
     */
    Quantity<Q> to(Unit<Q> unit);

    /**
     * Returns a {@code Quantity} that is the multiplicative inverse of this
     * {@code Quantity}, having reciprocal value and reciprocal unit as given by
     * {@code this.getUnit().inverse()}.
     *
     * @return reciprocal {@code Quantity}
     * @see <a href=
     *      "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplicative_inverse">Wikipedia:
     *      Multiplicative inverse</a>
     */
    Quantity<?> inverse();

    /**
     * Returns a {@code Quantity} whose value is {@code (-this.getValue())}.
     *
     * @return {@code -this}.
     */
    Quantity<Q> negate();

    /**
     * Casts this quantity to a parameterized unit of specified nature or throw a
     * <code>ClassCastException</code> if the dimension of the specified quantity
     * and this measure unit's dimension do not match. For example:
     * <p>
     * <code>
     *     {@literal Quantity<Length>} length = Quantities.getQuantity("2 km").asType(Length.class);
     * </code> or <code>
     *     {@literal Quantity<Speed>} C = length.multiply(299792458).divide(second).asType(Speed.class);
     * </code>
     * </p>
     *
     * @param <T>
     *            The type of the quantity.
     * @param type
     *            the quantity class identifying the nature of the quantity.
     * @return this quantity parameterized with the specified type.
     * @throws ClassCastException
     *             if the dimension of this unit is different from the specified
     *             quantity dimension.
     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException
     *             if the specified quantity class does not have a SI unit for the
     *             quantity.
     * @see Unit#asType(Class)
     */
    <T extends Quantity<T>> Quantity<T> asType(Class<T> type) throws ClassCastException;

    /**
     * Returns the value of this {@code Quantity}.
     *
     * @return a value.
     */
    Number getValue();

    /**
     * Returns the unit of this {@code Quantity}.
     *
     * @return the unit (shall not be {@code null}).
     */
    Unit<Q> getUnit();
    
    /**
     * Convenient method equivalent to {@link #to(javax.measure.Unit)
     * to(getUnit().toSystemUnit())}.
     *
     * @return this quantity or a new quantity equivalent to this quantity stated in
     *         SI units.
     * @throws ArithmeticException
     *             if the result is inexact and the quotient has a non-terminating
     *             decimal expansion.
     */
    default Quantity<Q> toSystemUnit() {
        return to(getUnit().getSystemUnit());
    }
      
    /**
     * Returns the {@code Scale} of this {@code Quantity}, if it's absolute or relative.
     *
     * @return the scale, if it's an absolute or relative quantity.
     * @since 2.0
     
     * @see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_scale">Wikipedia: Absolute scale</a>
     */
    Scale getScale();
    
    /**
     * Compares two instances of {@code Quantity <Q>}, performing the conversion of units if necessary.
     *
     * @param that
     *          the {@code quantity<Q>} to be compared with this instance.
     * @return {@code true} if {@code that \u2261 this}.
     * @throws NullPointerException
     *           if the quantity is null
     *           
     * @see <a href= "https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/equivalent">Cambridge Dictionary: equivalent</a>
     * @see <a href= "https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/equivalent">LEXICO: equivalent</a>
     * @since 2.1       
     */
    boolean isEquivalentTo(Quantity<Q> that);
}